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Brainpool curves

A family of elliptic curves with verifiably pseudo-random parameters (RFC 5639, 2010), favored by German and other European government profiles as an alternative to the NIST curves.
Also written asbrainpoolP256r1brainpoolP384r1brainpoolP512r1RFC 5639

The curves brainpoolP160r1 to brainpoolP512r1 (plus "t1" twisted variants with a = −3) use primes and coefficients derived from the digits of π and e, so nobody could have chosen them with a hidden property. The price is speed: their primes have no special form. Common OIDs: 1.3.36.3.3.2.8.1.1.7 (brainpoolP256r1), …1.1.11 (P384r1) and …1.1.13 (P512r1).

Protocol support: TLS 1.2 groups 26, 27 and 28 (RFC 7027); TLS 1.3 groups brainpoolP256r1tls13 (31), 32 and 33, with signature schemes such as ecdsa_brainpoolP256r1tls13_sha256 (0x081A) (RFC 8734); OpenPGP keys (RFC 9580). Browsers do not offer them by default, and WebCrypto does not support them. They are common in German eID and smart-card ecosystems, ePassports and smart-meter gateways. NIST SP 800-186 Appendix H.1 allows brainpoolP224r1 to P512r1 "for interoperability reasons".

On one Apple M4 Max core, OpenSSL 3.6.5 signs about 7,800 messages per second with brainpoolP256r1 against about 87,000 with P-256, because only P-256 has a dedicated optimized implementation. No weakness is known; brainpoolP256r1 offers about 128-bit security.

Standards and references

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